Giak Tutorial

[Exercises] [Answers]

Goals

To learn:

• to use the past, future and infinitive tenses
• the imperative mood

Vocabulary

Temporal	Misc.
Rannad \'ran-nad\ (adv) Past Tense Rogag \'ro-gag\ (adv) Future Tense Dajdok \'daj-däk\ (n) Moon Eguk \'e-guk\ (n) Day Ekar \'e-kär\ (v) Begin, Start Ekko \'ek-kä\ (n) Time Gadajok \'gad-a-,jäk\ (n) Sun Nadul \'nad-ul\ (n) Night Nug \'nug\ (adv) Before Koga \'ko-ga\ (v) Stop, Halt Zoz \'zoz\ (v) End Zugguz \'zug-guz\ (n) Dawn	Aduz \'a-duz\ (n) Circle Agoz \'a-gäz\ (v) Jump Amaz \'a-maz\ (n) Wolf Dargag \'där-gag\ (n) Attack Dig \'dig\ (v) Bite Dikoz \'di-käz\ (v) Fly Dog \'dog\ (v) Steal Dogez \'dog-ez\ (adj) Coming Duga \'du-ga\ (n) Wind Dug-Dug \'dug 'dug\ (n) Belly Duza \'du-za\ (n) Blow Edak \'e-dak\ (n) Bucket Edaz \'e-daz\ (n) Map	Egor \'e-gor\ (adj) Stupid Ekug \'e-kug\ (n) Punishment Enoza \'e-nä-,za\ (adj) Special Ezar \'e-zär\ (v) Climb Ezog \'e-zäg\ (n) Sickness, Disease, Illness Gan \'gan\ (v) Threaten Ganiak \'gan-i-,ak\ (n/adj) Anger/Angry Gudnak \'gud-nak\ (n) Battle Guk \'guk\ (n) Arm Hag \'hag\ (n) Claw Hagag \'hag-ag\ (v) Claw Hak \'hak\ (n) Body Hegez \'he-gez\ (adj) Berserk, Crazy	Hoki \'ho-ki\ (n) Joy, Pleasure Ika \'i-ka\ (v) Bend Jantok \'jan-täk\ (v) Dance Jegka \'jeg-ka\ (v) Cheer Jokog \'jo-käg\ (v) Hold Kluz \'kluz\ (v) Ride Naka \'na-ka\ (adj) Going Nogjat \'nog-jat\ (n) Head Rugga \'rug-ga\ (n) Courage Shegtar \'sheg-tär\ (n) Dwarf Tuz \'tuz\ (v) Fear Zutag \'zu-tag\ (n) Hurt, Pain

Past and Future Tenses

The use of past and future tenses is rather simple. The words 'rannad' and 'rogag' take care of it all; they are adverbs used to modify a verb that signify past and future tense respectively. For example:

• Amaz dig ok. -> The wolf bites me.
  Amaz dig rannad ok. -> The wolf bit me.
• ¿ Ta shegtarim jantok ash jegka ? -> Are the dwarves dancing and cheering?
  ¿ Ta shegtarim jantok rogag ash jegka rogag ? -> Will the dwarves dance and cheer ?

In Lesson IV, it was mentioned that 'dar'--the word for 'if'--is normally used with the future tense. We are now prepared to use this word correctly. The part of the sentence that contains the conditional idea, known as the protasis, is in any of the past, present or future tenses. The apodosis, or conclusion, of the sentence is almost always in the future tense.

• Okim dikoz naog rogag dar duga narg tukor. -> We will not fly (apodosis) if the wind is strong. (protasis)
• Nenrak gaj rogag dar dok dog rannad kika kor egud. -> The theif will die if he stole the captain's treasure.

Here is a good example of a sentence where the apodosis is not in the future tense:

• Konkor narg hegez dar dok shez zutaagon. -> A hunter is crazy if she cuts an undead.

Infinitive Tense

The Giak infinitive tense is amazingly similar to that for English. You simply add the word 'eg' before the verb.

• Iggi aga eg raz googa. -> The child wants to eat food.
• Oknar zaz rogag eg ruzzar mok oka. -> The officer will order us to destroy the bridge.

Keep in mind that infinitive verbs often have objects. Both examples above show the infinitive having an object. This object immediately follows the infinitive and its modifiers.

Imperative Mood

The imperative is recognized in two ways: from the lack of a explicit subject or from the context of the sentece. If there is no explicit subject in a sentece, then an implicit 'thou' or 'you' is understood.

• Zaj! -> (Thou) Shoot!
• Darg gazad gug. -> (You) Attack the blue castle.

Other sentences must be understood from the context.

• Oka taag rogag Aki Amaz. -> Let's kill Lone Wolf.
• Orgar ak shaag! -> Red army charge!

If neccessary, you can make it more explicit:

• Ok zaz dokim zek dokim. -> I order them to hide themselves.

This, however, is not a true example of the imperative mood.

[Exercises]